World Football Leagues (1991-2019)

Years	League / Team
	WORLD LEAGUE OF AMERICAN FOOTBALL
	WLAF North American East
1991-1992	New York / New Jersey Knights
1991	Raleigh-Durham Skyhawks
1991-1992	Montreal Machine
1991-1992	Orlando Thunder
1992	Ohio Glory (Columbus)
	WLAF North American West
1991-1992	Birmingham Fire
1991-1992	San Antonio Riders
1991-1992	Sacramento Surge
	WLAF European Division
	see NFL Europe
	EUROPEAN LEAGUE OF AMERICAN FOOTBALL
	ELAF UK Conference
1993	EuroSteelers
1993	EuroBears
1993	EuroRaiders
1993	EuroMonarchs
	ELAF European Conference
1993	Hamburg Blue Devils
1993	Cologne Crocodiles
1993	Munich Cowboys
1993	EuroSpartans
	AMERICAN FOOTBALL LEAGUE OF EUROPE
	AFLE Northern
1994-1995	Hamburg Blue Devils
1994-1995	Helsinki Roosters
1994-1995	Berlin Bears
1994-1995	Stockholm Nordic Vikings
1994-1995	Sheffield GB Spartans
1994	Frankfurt Knights
	AFLE Central
1994-1995	Amsterdam Crusaders
1994-1995	Bergamo Lions
1994-1995	Munich Thunder
1995	Frankfurt Gamblers
	NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE EUROPE
1991-1996	London Monarchs
1991-2007	Frankfurt Galaxy
1991-2004	Barcelona Dragons
1995-2001	Scottish Claymores
1995-2007	Amsterdam Admirals
1995-2007	Rhein Fire
1998-2007	Berlin Thunder
2002-2007	Cologne Crocodiles
2005-2007	Hamburg Sea Devils
	ELITE FOOTBALL LEAGUE OF INDIA
	EFLI East
2012	Colombo Lions
2012	Delhi Defenders
2012	Kandy Skykings
2012	Kolkata Vipers
	EFLI West
2012	Pune Marathas
2012	Bangalore Warhawks
2012	Mumbai Gladiators
2012	Pakistan Wolfpack
	EUROPEAN SUPER LEAGUE
	ESL Topliga
2019	Vilnius Iron Wolves
2019	Kaunas Dukes
2019	Warsaw Eagles
2019	Bydgoszcz Archers
2019	Krakow Tigers
2019	Zabki Dukes
	ESL East European Super League
2019	Moscow Spartans
2019	St. Petersburg North Legion
2019	St. Petersburg Grifins
2019	Minsk Litvins

XFLs (1988-2020)

Years	League / Teams
	CANADIAN FOOTBALL LEAGUE USA
	CFL East
1988-??	Montreal Concordes
1993-1995	Baltimore Stallions
1994-1995	Shreveport Pirates
1994-1995	Birmingham Barracudas
2001-2004	Ottawa Renegades
	CFL West
1994-1995	Sacramento Gold Miners
1994-1995	Las Vegas Posse
1994-1995	Memphis Mad Dogs
1994-1995	San Antonio Texans
	SPRING FOOTBALL LEAGUE
2000	Houston Marshals
2000	San Antonio Matadors
2000	Los Angeles Dragons
2000	Miami Tropics
	XFL 2001
	XFL East
2001	Orlando Rage
2001	Chicago Enforcers
2001	New York / New Jersey Hitmen
2001	Birmmingham Thunderbolts
	XFL West
2001	Los Angeles Xtreme
2001	San Francisco Demons
2001	Memphis Maniax
2001	Las Vegas Outlaws
	UNITED FOOTBALL LEAGUE
2009-2011	Florida Tuskers (Orlando)
2009-2011	New York Sentinels
2009-2011	Hartford Colonials
2009-2011	Virginia Destroyers
2009-2011	Las Vegas Locomotives
2009-2011	Omaha Nighthawks
2009-2011	California Redwoods (San Jose)
2009-2011	Sacramento Mountain Lions
	STARS FOOTBALL LEAGUE
2011	New Orleans Jazz
2011-2013	Daytona Beach Racers
2011	Michigan Coyotes
2011-2013	Fort Lauderdale Barracudas
2012	Fort Myers Swamp Dogs
2013	Miami Iron Men
2013	Pompano Beach Swamp Dogs
	FALL XPERIMENTAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE (FXFL)
2014-2015	Brooklyn Bolts
2014	Omaha Mammoths
2014-2015	Blacktips
2014	Boston Brawlers
2015	Hudson Valley Fort
	THE SPRING LEAGUE (TSL)
	TSL Austin / Las Vegas
2017-2019	Team North
2017-2019	Team South
2017-2019	Team East
2017-2019	Team West
2019	Austin Generals
2020	Las Vegas Hughes
	TSL San Antonio
2020	Generals
2020	Aviators
2020	Alphas
2020	Conquerors
2020	Blues
2020	Jousters
	ALLIANCE OF AMERICAN FOOTBALL
	AAF Eastern
2019	Orlando Apollos
2019	Birmingham Iron
2019	Memphis Express
2019	Atlanta Legends
	AAF Western
2019	San Antonio Commanders
2019	Arizona Hotshots
2019	San Diego Fleet
2019	Salt Lake Stallions
	XFL 2020
	XFL Eastern
2020	DC Defenders
2020	St. Louis Battlehawks
2020	New York Guardians
2020	Tampa Bay Vipers
	XFL Western
2020	Houston Roughnecks
2020	Dallas Renegades
2020	Los Angeles Wildcats
2020	Seattle Dragons

Report

Starting with the World League of American Football in 1991 to 1992, which continued from 1995 to 2007 as a Europe-Only Development League of the National Football League, there has been numerous attempts at starting a Professional American Football League outside North America. From 1993 to 1995 European American Football teams started their ownn Pro League, which ended after the NFL restarted the WLAF in 1995. In 2012 former NFL coaches and players started the Elite Football League of India, and in 2019, teams in Poland, Lithuania, Russia and Belrus started the European Super League. Emmett Waldron, who was born in Cork, played for the Scottish Claymores in the WLAF / NFL Europe League from 1995 to 1998.

As well as attempts to start leagues outside North America, there has been attemptsat starting a rival league to the NFL, with the first such attempt since the USFL of the 1980s, being the Canadian Football League’s attempts to start a United States Divison which lasted from 1993 to 1995.A four-team Spring League was played in 2000 but failed due to the start of the XFL in 2001, which failed also, due this time to its product been seen as too different from standard American Football. From 2009 to 2011 the United Football League played as an NFL Development League and from 2011 to 2013 (Stars Football League), 2014 to 2015 (Fall Experimental Football League) and 2017-2020 (The Spring League) attempts were made to play a Pro League in just one locality. Major Pro Leagues returned in 2019 with the Alliance of American Football, which went bankruot after 8 weeks, and the XFL 2020, which lasted five weeks but shut down due to the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic.

Bibliography

[1] Maher, Todd & Gill, Bob (2013) Canadian Pro Football Encyclopedia Historical Highlights pg. 1-2. Maher Sports Media, 2013.

Images

[2] World League of American Football (2020) 96claymoresawayjersey50rs.jpg.w300h350 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/96claymoresawayjersey50rs.jpg.w300h350.jpg [Accessed 17 September 2020]

Websites

[4] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF Logo [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/WLAFlogo.gif [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[5] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 1991 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id165.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[6] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 1992 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id166.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[7] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 1995 [Interne] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id170.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[8] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 1996 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id171.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[9] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 1997 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id172.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[10] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 1998 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id173.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[11] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 1999 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id174.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[12] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2000 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id175.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[13] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2001 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id176.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[14] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2002 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id177.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[15] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2003 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id178.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[16] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2004 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id179.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[17] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2005 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id180.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[18] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2006 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id181.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[19] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2007 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id182.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

Newspapers

[20] Naughton, Lindie (1996) US FOOTBALL Evening Herald. Thursday, 29 February 1996. pg 62 [Internet] Available from: http://archive.irishnewsarchive.com/Olive/APA/INA/Print.Article.aspx?mode=image&href=EHD%2F1996%2F02%2F29&id=Ar06206 [Accessed 5 July 2017]

Images

[21] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF Logo [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/WLAFlogo.gif [Accessed 23 April 2018]

Websites

[22] Google Groups – rec.sport.football.misc (1994) Message by Ludwig Alberter – 5 September 1994 [Internet] Available from: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rec.sport.football.misc/oNVilaWhNSY [Accessed 21 August 2018]

[23] Google Groups – rec.sport.football.misc (1994) Message by Dominik Kubla – 5 November 1994 [Internet] Available from: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rec.sport.football.misc/BRx_xxVsAoY [Accessed 21 August 2018]

Sources

[24] FD Reporter (1995) “Terry Launches Second Coming” First Down, May 20, 1995, P. 18.

[25] Rowlands, Neil (1995) “It’s back to the good old Haze!” First Down, May 27, 1995, P. 22.

[26] Anon. (1995) “I’ll give any unhappy fans money back” First Down, June 10, 1995, P. 18.

[27] Myatt, Steve (1995) “Sedin Death!” First Down, June 17, 1995, P. 21.

[28] Myatt, Steve (1995) “Defensive Disaster sees Spartans crumble to 0-5” First Down, July 15, 1995, P. 18.

[29] Anon. (1995) “We can bounce back, says Tel” First Down, July 1, 1995, P. 18.

[30] FD Reporter (1995) “Sitting on the dock of a bay” First Down, August 5, 1995, P. 19.

Online Encyclopedia

[31] Enciclopedia del Football Italiano (2019) American Football League Europe 1995 [Internet] Available from: http://www.warriorsbologna.it/public/Enciclopedia/PDF/1995_afle_eur.pdf [Accessed 4 December 2019]

News Groups

[32] Google Groups | rec.sport.football.misc (1995) [FLE] Schedule of 1995 Season | Post by Domink Kubla 27 May 1995 [Internet] Available from: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rec.sport.football.misc/6Y8ECEnsSi0 [Accessed 8 August 2018]

[33] Google Groups | rec.sport.football.misc (1995) [FLE] Latest News and first result | Post by Domink Kubla 2 June 1995 [Internet] Available from: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rec.sport.football.misc/j1J9u7pcYPo [Accessed 8 August 2018]

[34] Canadian Football League (2019) Standings | 2002 [Internet] Available from: https://www.cfl.ca/standings/?season=2002 [Accessed 9 March 2019]

[35] Canadian Football League (2019) Standings | 2003 [Internet] Available from: https://www.cfl.ca/standings/?season=2003 [Accessed 9 March 2019]

[36] Canadian Football League (2019) Standings | 2004 [Internet] Available from: https://www.cfl.ca/standings/?season=2004 [Accessed 9 March 2019]

[37] Canadian Football League (2019) Schedule | 2004 [Internet] Available from: https://www.cfl.ca/schedule/?season=2004 [Accessed 9 March 2019]

[38] Canadian Football League (2019) Standings | 2005 [Internet] Available from: https://www.cfl.ca/standings/?season=2005 [Accessed 9 March 2019]

[39] Canadian Football League (2019) Schedule | 2005 [Internet] Available from: https://www.cfl.ca/schedule/?season=2005 [Accessed 9 March 2019]

Internet Archive

[40] United Football League | Internet Archive (2010) Schedule 2009 [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20100102212241/http://www.ufl-football.com/schedule [Accessed 13 August 2019]

[41] United Football League | Internet Archive (2011) Schedule 2010 [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20110609043730/http://www.ufl-football.com/schedule [Accessed 13 August 2019]

[42] United Football League | Internet Archive (2011) Schedule 2011 [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023511/http://www.ufl-football.com/schedule [Accessed 13 August 2019]

Bibliography

[43] Maher, Todd & Gill, Bob (2013) Canadian Pro Football Encyclopedia | The Annual Record pg. 108-110. Maher Sports Media, 2013.

[44] Maher, Todd & Gill, Bob (2013) Canadian Pro Football Encyclopedia | The Game Scores pg. 5-10. Maher Sports Media, 2013.

Online Encyclopedias

[45] Wikipedia (2016) 2012 Elite Football League of India Season [Internet] Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Elite_Football_League_of_India_season [Accessed 23 October 2016]

Internet Archive

[46] LFL Canada | Internet Archive (2012) LFL Canada | 2012-13 | Standings [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20121119013016/http://lflcanada.com/standings.php [Accessed 31 August 2019]

[47] De La Fuente, Marcus (2012) LINGERIE BOWL I: HANSON & GARCIA LIGHT UP THE FIELD FOR BC AS MISSED OPPORTUNITIES AND MISTAKES PLAGUE SASKATOON LFL Canada | Internet Archive [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20121205072904/http://www.lfl360.com/articles/lingerie-bowl-i-hanson-garcia-light-field-bc-missed-opportunities-mistakes-plague-saskatoon/ [Accessed 31 August 2019]

Websites

[48] Brian O’Reilly – Irish Independent (2014) February 13 2014: Video: Irish woman becomes star of Australia’s Lingerie Football League [Internet] Availabble from: https://www.independent.ie/sport/other-sports/video-irish-woman-becomes-star-of-australias-lingerie-football-league-30007193 [Accessed 6 May 2018]

[49] LFL 360 (2013) NSW Surge vs QLD Brigade – The inaugural Australian LFL game [Internet] Available from: https://www.lfl360.com/australia/new-south-wales-surge/nsw-surge-qld-brigade-the-inaugural-australian-lfl-game/ [Accessed 6 May 2018]

[50] LFL 360 (2013) A Packed Stadium and Upset Win Add to an Ulnikely Maiden Voyage [Internet] Available from: https://www.lfl360.com/australia/packed-stadium-upset-win-add-maiden-voyage/ [Accessed 6 May 2018]

[51] LFL 360 (2013) Heavenly Debut for the Angels [Internet] Available from: https://www.lfl360.com/australia/heavenly-debut-angels/ [Accessed 6 May 2018]

[52] LFL 360 (2013) A Surge Capsizes Maiden Voyage, NSW 36 VIC 12 [Internet] Available from: https://www.lfl360.com/australia/surge-capsizes-maiden-voyage-34-12-sydney [Accessed 6 May 2018]

[53] LFL 360 (2014) Massacre on the Gold Coast, Angels soar above Brigade 41-0 [Internet] Available from: https://www.lfl360.com/australia/massacre-gold-coast-angels-soar-brigade-41-0 [Accessed 6 May 2018]

[54] LFL 360 (2014) LFL Australia: Articles [Internet] Available from: https://www.lfl360.com/category/australia/ [Accessed 6 May 2018]

[55] LFL 360 (2014) LFL Australia: Articles – Page 2 [Internet] Available from: https://www.lfl360.com/category/australia/page/2/ [Accessed 6 May 2018]

Websites

[56] Arena Fan (2016) China Arena Football League Standings [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20161107032211/http://www.arenafan.com/statistics/?page=standings&league=4 [Accessed 31 August 2019]

[57] Morninghof, Mick (2016) Beijing Wins CAFL Bowl on Final Play [Internet] Available from: http://caflfootball.com/beijing-wins-cafl-china-bowl-on-final-play/ [Accessed 31 August 2019]

[58] Morninghof, Mick (2016) Shanghai Takes Third With 57-52 Win [Internet] Available from: http://caflfootball.com/shanghai-takes-third-with-57-52-win/ [Accessed 31 August 2019]

[59] Morninghof, Mick (2016) Naja Finish at .500 With 46-30 Win Over Dalian [Internet] Available from: http://caflfootball.com/shanghai-takes-third-with-57-52-win/ [Accessed 31 August 2019]

[60] China Arena Football League (2019) CAFL 2019 Competition Breakdown! [Internet] Available from: http://caflfootball.com/cafl-2019-competition-breakdown/ [Accessed 3 December 2019]

[61] China Arena Football League | Facebook (2019) Post, November 13, 2019: ” Final Score from Shenyang: Beijing 28 Shenyang 0 “ [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/CAFLFootball/posts/2768277399901933 [Accessed 3 December 2019]

[62] China Arena Football League | Facebook (2019) Post, November 22, 2019: ” Final Score in Wuhan: Gators 40 Shanghai 0 “ [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/CAFLFootball/posts/2791563504239989 [Accessed 3 December 2019]

[63] China Arena Football League | Facebook (2019) Post, December 6, 2019: ” Half way through Match Play and Day 1 of the CAFL Championship Tournament and here are the scores: “ [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/CAFLFootball/posts/2823067901089549 [Accessed 10 December 2019]

[64] China Arena Football League | Facebook (2019) Post, December 6, 2019: “ The first day is complete and here is how the teams finished in day 1 of Match Play of the CAFL 2019 Championship Tournament. “ [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/CAFLFootball/posts/2823301561066183 [Accessed 10 December 2019]

[65] China Arena Football League | Facebook (2019) Post, December 8, 2019: ” The Shenyang Black Rhinos take home the 3rd Place OF THE CAFL 2029 Championship Tournament with an 18-6 win over the Shanghai Legends. “ [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/CAFLFootball/posts/2827977440598595 [Accessed 10 December 2019]

[66] China Arena Football League | Facebook (2019) Post, December 8, 2019: ” What an epic battle as the CAFL 2019 Tournament Championship Game gave fans all that they could ask for as the Wuhan Gators came from behind in regulation to tie the score and take the game to overtime to defeat the 2016 champions Beijing Lions 30-22.  “ [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/CAFLFootball/posts/2827996027263403 [Accessed 10 December 2019]

[67] Arena Football League (2019) Official Statement [Internet] Available from: https://www.arenafootball.com/article/nov27-statement [Accessed 3 December 2019]

Social Media

[68] Pretty Girls Football League Facebook Page (2017) Post June 27, 2017: “Se ha llegado la hora,” [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/LigaPGFL/posts/1481540131916233 [Accessed 8 October 2018]

[69] Pretty Girls Football League Facebook Page (2017) Post July 16, 2017: “Marcador final
Cougars Veracruz 12 – 28 Valkirias Slp” [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/LigaPGFL/posts/1505052382898341:0 [Accessed 8 October 2018]

References (Spring Football League 2000)

[1] Remember the SFL (2019) History [Internet] Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/rememberthesfl/history [Accessed 31 December 2019]

[2] Remember the SFL (2019) Standings [Internet] Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/rememberthesfl/standings [Accessed 31 December 2019]

Websites (Stars Football League)

[2] Stars Football League (2011) SFL ANNOUNCES 1-2-3 RULE AFTER TOUCHDOWNS [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/sfl-announces-1-2-3-rule-touchdowns/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[3] Stars Football League (2011) FOOTBALL HISTORY WAS MADE WHEN THE JAZZ-BARRACUDA GAME WAS TIED USING THE SFL’S UNIQUE 1-2-3 RULE. [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/jazz-barracuda-game-tied-sfl-unique-1-2-3-rule/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[4] Stars Football League (2011) DAYTONA BEACH RACERS BEST FT. LAUDERDALE BARRACUDAS 31-28. [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/daytona-beach-racers-ft-lauderdale-barracudas-31-28/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[5] Stars Football League (2011) SFL WRAPS UP FIRST SEASON THE NEW ORLEANS JAZZ 21; THE MICHIGAN COYOTES 6. [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/playing-spring-years-come/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[6] Stars Football League (2012) FT. MYERS SWAMP DOGS BEATS THE FT. LAUDERDALE BARRACUDAS [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/ft-meyers-swamp-dogs-beats-ft-lauderdale-barracudas/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[7] Stars Football League (2012) DAYTONA BEACH RACERS RECORDS 1ST VICTORY OF THE YEAR [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/daytona-beach-racers-records-1st-victory-year/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[8] Stars Football League (2012) THE DAYTONA BEACH RACERS DEFEATS THE FT. LAUDERDALE BARRACUDAS [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/daytona-beach-racers-beat-ft-lauderdale-barracudas/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[9] Stars Football League (2012) THE FT. LAUDERDALE BARRACUDAS DEFEAT THE FT. MYERS SWAMP DOGS [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/ft-lauderdale-barracudas-defeat-ft-meyers-swamp-dogs/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[10] Stars Football League (2012) SFL’S FIRST CHAMPIONSHIP GAME [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/2572/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[11] Stars Football League (2012) THE SFL PRESIDENT’S CHAMPION TROPHY [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/sfl-presidents-champion-trophy/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[12] Stars Football League (2011) SFL GOES TO NEW 1234 POINT RULE [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/sfl-new1234-point-rule/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[13] Stars Football League (2013) SFL 2013 SCHEDULE FINALIZED [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/sfl-2013-schedule-finalized/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[14] Stars Football League (2013) THE SWAMPDOGS AND IRONMEN VICTORIOUS IN WEEK 1 [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/racers-ironmen-victorious-week-1/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[15] Stars Football League (2013) MIAMI IRONMEN LEAD STANDINGS AFTER DECISIVE VICTORY OVER DAYTONA [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/miami-ironmen-lead-standings/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[16] Stars Football League (2013) PLAYOFF SCHEDULE FINALIZED [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/playoff-playoff-schedule-finalized/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[17] Stars Football League (2013) TEAM INFO – DAYTONA BEACH RACERS [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/team-info/daytona-beach-racers/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[18] Stars Football League (2013) MIAMI HEADED TO PRESIDENTS CUP GAME [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/miami-headed-presidents-cup-game/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[19] Stars Football League (2013) THE STAGE IS SET FOR THE THIRD ANNUAL PRESIDENTS CUP [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/news/stage-set-annual-presidents-cup/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

[20] Stars Football League (2013) TEAM INFO – POMPANO BEACH SWAMPDOGS [Internet] Available from: http://starsfootballleague.com/team-info/gm-head-coach-ft-myers-swampdogs-football-club/ [Accessed 11 April 2020]

References (FXFL)

You Tube

[1] You Tube | FXFL Football Channel (2014) FXFL Presented by Nivea Men Boston at Omaha Highlights, Nov 6, 2014 [0:09] [Internet] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSIejJnIa_U [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[2] You Tube | FXFL Football Channel (2014) FXFL Highlights presented by NIVEA MEN – Blacktips at Brooklyn, Nov 8, 2014 [2:01][Internet] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pq_-zc-K2DM [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[3] You Tube | FXFL Football Channel (2014) FXFL Highlights Brooklyn at Boston – Halloween Night, Nov 1, 2014 [Internet] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lo4sB_VeQI [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[4] You Tube | FXFL Football Channel (2014) FXFL Highlights Presented by NIVEA MEN- Omaha at Brooklyn, Oct 27, 2014 [5:13] [Internet] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0-i0pUU4XU [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[5] You Tube | FXFL Football Channel (2014) FXFL Week #2 Boston at Brooklyn, Oct 16, 2014 [0:02][Internet] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll58VNJBOTU [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[6] You Tube | FXFL Football Channel (2014) FXFL Opening Night Recap – National TV, Oct 9, 2014 [0:03][Internet] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHPasGcAnMs [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[7] You Tube | Jeff Buss (2019) FXFL Omaha @ Brooklyn (October 24, 2014), Dec 31, 2019 [Internet] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jps0DsyZ23A [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[8] You Tube | cflvideo1964 (2015) FXFL 2014 BOSTON BRAWLERS AT OMAHA MAMMOTHS, Apr 4, 2015 [Internet] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8FcOGnV4Dg [Accessed 24 January 2020]

Internet Archive

[9] Omaha World-Herald | Wayback Machine (2014) Missed extra point helps Mammoths survive [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20151128214125/http://www.omaha.com/sports/missed-extra-point-helps-mammoths-survive/article_a54427f4-55d4-5806-aaaf-726c8b899a62.html [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[10] FXFL | Wayback Machine (2016) Home [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20160129101535/http://gofxfl.com/ [Accessed 24 January 2020]

References (The Spring League)

Social Media

[1] The Spring League (2017) Post “Game 1 of the Spring League season is in the books. The West beat the East, 10-6. Re-watch the broadcast right here.” [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/videos/1922228818055558/[Accessed 24 January 2020]

[2] The Spring League (2017) Post April 16, 2017 “It’s a final from the Greenbrier: Hutson Mason’s North team edges the South squad, 14-10, in Game 2 of the weekend.” [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/photos/a.1870863563192084/1923935811218192/?type=3 [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[3] The Spring League (2017) Post “Game 2 of the 2017 Spring League season is in the books, with the North beating the South, 14-10. You can re-watch most of the broadcast here. Note: the feed went out in the second half due to inclement weather.” [Internet] Available from:https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/videos/1922762241335549/ [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[4] The Spring League (2019) Videos April 7 2018 ““Running back Kalif Phillips follows up a 47 yard run with this short TD to seal it for #TeamWest”” [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/videos/2102745346670570/ [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[5] The Spring League (2018) Videos April 13 2018 [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/videos/2105339876411117/ [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[6] The Spring League (2017) Post April 13, 2018 “Relive the best moments of today’s first game between Team South and Team West, including Johnny Manziel’s Spring League finale. #TheSpringLeague” [0:18] [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2105339876411117[Accessed 24 January 2020]

[7] The Spring League (2017) Post March 21, 2019 “#ATX, we got you covered. For #TheSpringLeague 2019, Team South will go by a new hometown name: The Austin Generals.” [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/posts/2337204383224664[Accessed 24 January 2020]

[8] The Spring League (2017) Post April 7, 2019 “OFFICIAL BOX SCORE FROM GAME 1 Team West 36 Team North 6” [Internet] Available from:https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/posts/2347421552202947 [Accessed 24 January 2020]

[9] The Spring League (2017) Post April 7, 2019 “OFFICIAL BOX SCORE FROM GAME 2 Austin Generals 13 Team North 6” [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/posts/2347422305536205[Accessed 25 January 2020]

[10] The Spring League (2017) Post April 13 2019 “The Austin Generals closed The Spring League undefeated. Check out the full box score and play by play below of the Generals win over TSL West. Austin Generals 32 TSL West 13” [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/posts/2350788071866295 [Accessed 25 January 2020]

Images

[11] The Spring League (2017) Profile Picture August 13, 2019 [Internet] Available from: https://scontent-dub4-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/68494309_2435273623417739_8497449137069883392_n.jpg?_nc_cat=101&_nc_ohc=osM0If13hRYAX9kbxYM&_nc_ht=scontent-dub4-1.xx&oh=3d2ef90b030c12beaf5c4be4b091d540&oe=5E9E9711%5BAccessed 25 January 2020]

[12] The Spring League (2017) Post April 13, 2019″The Austin Generals closed The Spring League undefeated. Check out the full box score and play by play below of the Generals win over TSL West. Austin Generals 32 TSL West 13″ [Internet] Available from: https://external-dub4-1.xx.fbcdn.net/safe_image.php?d=AQBcmXVvDeOXu5NA&w=540&h=282&url=http%3A%2F%2Fthespringleague.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F04%2FJGZ10040.jpg&cfs=1&upscale=1&fallback=news_d_placeholder_publisher&_nc_hash=AQAhwenzQm3mN8Ue [Accessed 25 January 2020]

Websites

[13] The Spring League (2017) Post March 7, 2020″Game 1 ends with a final score of: Las Vegas Hughes: 14 TSL North: 7″ [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/photos/a.1870863563192084/2630097563935343/?type=3 [Accessed 8 June 2020]

[14] The Spring League (2017) Post March 7, 2020″Game 2 has gone final! TSL North: 14 TSL East: 7″ [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/photos/a.1870863563192084/2630133173931782/?type=3  [Accessed 8 June 2020]

[15] The Spring League (2017) Post March 11, 2020″DB Brandon Brice seals the game for Las Vegas capping off the final play with a pick-6. Las Vegas Hughes: 17 TSL East: 6″ [Internet] Available from: https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/photos/a.1870863563192084/2633474570264309/?type=3  [Accessed 8 June 2020]

Social Media

[16] The Spring League (2020) Post March 23, 2020: ″Since 2017, the year #TheSpringLeague began play, 229 of our players have been signed to pro football contracts #NFL: 90 #CFL: 51 #AAF: 55 #XFL: 33″ [Internet] Available from:  https://www.facebook.com/thespringleague/posts/2643855175892915 [Accessed 8 June 2020]

Websites (XFL 2001)

[1] Remember the XFL (2017) XFL Final Standings [Internet] Available from: http://sites.google.com/site/rememberthexfl/standings [Accessed 3 February 2017]

Websites (XFL 2020)

[1] XFL (2020) XFL Standings [Internet] Available from: https://stats.xfl.com/standings/ [Accessed 31 March 2020]

[2] XFL (2020) Schedule [Internet] Available from: https://www.xfl.com/en-US/articles/xfl-releases-2020-schedule [Accessed 26 October 2019]

[3] XFL (2020) Schedule through Week 5 [Internet] Available from: https://www.xfl.com/2020-schedule [Accessed 31 March 2020]

[4] XFL (2020) XFL Statement on COVID-19 [Internet] Available from: https://www.xfl.com/articles/xfl-statement-covid-19 [Accessed 26 October 2019]

[5] XFL (2020) A Thank You to All Our Fans [Internet] Available from: https://www.xfl.com/articles/a-thank-you-to-our-fans [Accessed 31 March 2020]

[6] XFL (2020) XFL in the News – The Latest [Internet] Available from: https://www.xfl.com/articles/xfl-in-the-news-the-latest [Accessed 31 March 2020]

Sources

[7] First Down (2001) Issues from Spring 2001

Images

[8] Wikipedia (2019) XFL 2020 Logo [Internet] Available from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Logo_of_the_XFL.svg/1200px-Logo_of_the_XFL.svg.png [Accessed 24 September 2019]

Websites (Alliance of American Football)

[1] Alliance of American Football (2019) Standings [Internet] Available from: https://aaf.com/standings [Accessed 4 April 2019]

[2] Alliance of American Football (2019) Scores [Internet] Available from: https://aaf.com/scores [Accessed 4 April 2019]

Internet Archive (United Football League 2009-2011)

[1] United Football League | Internet Archive (2010) Schedule 2009 [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20100102212241/http://www.ufl-football.com/schedule [Accessed 13 August 2019]

[2] United Football League | Internet Archive (2011) Schedule 2010 [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20110609043730/http://www.ufl-football.com/schedule [Accessed 13 August 2019]

[3] United Football League | Internet Archive (2011) Schedule 2011 [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023511/http://www.ufl-football.com/schedule [Accessed 13 August 2019]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Joe Grey (Dublin Dragons) Sean Douglas (Dublin Rebels & UCD) Fiona Corrigan, Caoimhe Mullaney, Alan Delaney; Cillian Smith, Michael Smith, Ralph Schmeer, and Michael Brophy (IAFA).

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 10 July 2020

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2020

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Robert Burns.

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American & World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 10 December 2020

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2020

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.